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Pattukkottai is a town in Thanjavur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The town came to prominence after the construction of the fort by Vanaji Pandithar, a feudatory of the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Shahuji I in 1686–87. The recorded history of Pattukkottai is known from the 17th century and has been ruled, at different times, by the Thanjavur Marathas and the British. It is the headquarters of the Pattukkottai taluk of Thanjavur district and is one of the three municipalities in the district.

Pattukkottai comes under the Pattukkottai assembly constituency which elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years and it is a part of the Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency) which elects its Member of Parliament (MP) once in five years. The town is administered by the Pattukkottai municipality, which covers an area of 21.83 km² (8.43 sq mi). As of 2011, the town had a population of 73,135. The town is a part of the fertile Cauvery delta region, but fishery the major occupations. Roadways are the major mode of transportation to Pattukkottai and the nearest Airport is Tiruchirapalli Airport, located 135 km (84 mi) away from the town.